Anthropology

This paper compares and contrast two articles, one regarding economics and the other regarding anthropology. The major area on which this comparison will be made is income distribution.
   
The article The Upside of Income Inequality primarily focuses on the recent rise in income inequality. The articles primary argument is that the inequality in income distribution is widening in the United States and the primary factor behind this widening gap is due to rise in income of highly educated and skilled workers and that this kind of inequality is beneficial and desirable. Comparing the situation with the inequalities in income in India and China where the inequality is primarily due to accelerated economic growth and overall improvement in the standard of living of the population of these countries.
   
The authors further argues that this trend is primarily because of highly educated people like college graduates receive a much higher salary as compared to lower educated workers like and the gap between these two classes has increased significantly in the last couple of decades. For e.g. in the 80s a college graduate earns 30 more, but now they earn 70 more. Thus the increased opportunity to advance through education played a significant role in widening income inequality. This increase in gap between the education earning resulted in a large number students returning to college after high school. Thus the rise in wage premium is directly attributed to the increase in college graduates. Recent surveys also show that the increase in college graduates among women and other ethnic groups, particularly women have moved to many high-earning fields. Higher education not only increases earnings but it also increases the standard of living. The demand of highly educated workers is increasing in every sector in the United States, because of the increase in demand of products and services only offered by highly educated and skilled employees. Increase in demand of higher education has nearly doubled the tuition fee in the last two decades.
   
Now that it is verified by the statistics that the major source of widening gap in income is increase in the demand of educated and highly skilled labor the question is it a good thing or a bad things. The authors think that in general it is a good thing because it is a sign of greater productivity in the economy. Though this inequality reflects higher returns to investment in education and human capital, but it is very limited, since the greater proportion of the American youth do not enter colleges, in particular the African Americans and the Hispanics. This is mostly because the lack of non-cognitive skills in these kids, which again is the result of broken families. The solution to this problem is to encourage more human capital investment.

Summary Article2 
The second article Migrant Africa is an anthropology article regarding the migration of the African people. The migration in Africa included the migration from the countryside to the cities, from one city to another, and from a city to countryside. The primary reasons of migration are either economical i.e. to increase their income, shed poverty, and get better opportunities than available in their homeland or it is due to war or oppression, or natural catastrophes like famine, flood, earthquakes etc.
   
Now most of the African people migrate internally i.e. within the boundaries of a country. This is primarily because of disparity in the infrastructure and opportunities in different areas of countries. Since the demand of male workers is higher most immigrants are male, while their spouses are usually left behind or they come as a dependent migrant not alone. As the demand of highly educated skilled workers is higher in more developed regions like big cities most of the people migration to these cities are highly educated youth, which seek the return of their investment in human capital. While low or unskilled workers move to find opportunities not found on their home. Like most third world and developing countries, most of the capital investment is concentrated in a single capital or the largest city. Thus people from all part of the country migrate towards it in a large number, which create other social problems like overcrowded cities, shortage of electricity and water supply, lack of proper accommodation are some of the common problems of all the major African cities. These problems are further induced by high fertility rates in the migrating population.
   
Governments have adopted different policies to curb these problems like improving opportunities in rural areas, creating poles of regional growth, shifting capital city or through distribution of investment on medium sized towns through out the country to reduce the number of migrants to the primary major city. Many African governments also considered force return to the homeland, or to another government-developed town. But the planners have to realize that it is the flaw and unequal distribution of resources and development of social and economic infrastructure, which results in great influx of people to the large urban centers.

Comparison and Contrast of two articles
Both articles speak about inequalities. But the first article speaks about the inequalities in income of the workers in the United States. Moreover the first article speaks about the source of inequalities in income and argues that it is because of increase in higher education and increase in demand of highly skilled and educated workers. On the contrary the second article speak about the inequalities in the distribution of resources and opportunities in the African nations. It speaks that the phenomenon of migration is primarily because of this unequal distribution of development and concentration of capital investment on a single city, while leaving the entire country, in particular rural areas unattended. Thus the similarity of both articles is that both speak about inequalities, but here the similarities ends. The economic article has more to do with the economic consequences of the unequal distribution of income, and how the higher demand of educated and skilled workers is increasing their salary and income, which is widening the gap between the salaries of the educated and the uneducated, thus creating income inequality.

Furthermore the authors here think this as a good thing. On the contrary the anthropology article has its focus on the people of Africa, their movement from one place to another and the motives behind these decisions that these people make. The article argues that the real factor behind all the migration process in the world and the third world developing countries in particular is the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities for the people through out the region. Unlike the unequal distribution of income because of higher education this unequal distribution considered a bad thing and mostly has dire and grave consequences. Thus inequality in one article is considered a good thing, while on the other article the author considers it a bad one and suggests remedies to cope with the worsening situation.

Capturing the ideas among many evolutional anthropologists reflects on the Grandmother hypothesis wherein it tries to explore the validity and occurrence of midlife menopausal stage particularly among human females. Seeing this, the study of Alvarez seeks to concretize such dimensions by seeking to expand the research and try to include in the study other primates who also undergo such phases. The ability of the article to tap into life history among these primates corresponds towards creating a better understanding towards the value of evolution particularly among human females.
   
Analyzing the study, Alvarez uses the life history theory as a basis in studying the occurrence of the grandmother hypothesis. In here, she tests 16 primate species and determines their corresponding similarities and differences in areas such as having slow somatic senescence and post menopausal longevity. Given this approach, the study was able to decipher relevant conclusions that seek to justify how the use of life history theory can help solve the question of adaptive evolution among human females. It is through such patterns that the study was able to create a relationship between the fertile span among human females and other pongids.
   
What I found most interesting about the article is the capacity of the author to merge another theory to help address the grandmother hypothesis. It can be seen that Alvarez tries to connect the capacity of human females to undergo midlife menopausal stage and the way life history has dictated a shift in the patterns of how females adapt to the environment they are in. Given this, it has not only brought about patterns of evolution as it limited the capacity of female fertile span.
   
Seeing this, I do feel that this perspective is a good way of addressing and understanding the nature of anthropology particularly evolution. Having this approach considers a scientific response on a particular unexplained reality happening among many midlife human females. By analyzing and integrating these the theory and hypothesis together, Alvarez was not only able to make a comparable perspective of what might have happened along the way but also created a new dimension of understanding evolution and its relative impact in the ability of man to address the changes happening in reality. 

Space and place were traditionally a domain of philosophy and natural sciences, which considered them to be the phenomena of natural world. However, industrialization and human appropriation of natural world as the source of wealth and civilization resulted in the understanding that space and place as increasingly socially constructed. Such understanding may be first traced in Lefebvres contribution to social science. Lefebvre developed the concept of social production of space in his book The Production of Space in order to present spatial dimension of social inequality, reflected in urbanized structures hierarchy of City and suburbs, the social geography of working districts etc. Lefebvre was the first to argue that social production of space and place is central to the complex reproduction of inequalities in capitalist societies and maintaining hegemony of ruling elites (Social) space is a (social) product ... the space thus produced also serves as a tool of thought and of action ... in addition to being a means of production it is also a means of control, and hence of domination, of power. 

Such revolutionary understanding of space became the reason of forming new disciplines, such as social geography, represented by D. Harvey, M. Davis, E. Soja and significantly widening the thematic cover of anthropology and cultural theory. As Low and Lawrence-Zuniga argue in this respect, since the 1990s, the most significant change for anthropology is found in the acknowledgement that space is an essential component of sociocultural theory.

Based on the vast progress in the new discipline present research paper defends the thesis that places are socially constructed in the course of human interaction, daily experience and practice. The construction of place and space are crucially dependent on social hierarchy, order and inequality, as well as discursive struggles in society. Transformation of societies inevitably results in changes of understanding place and space.

Place and Space as Anthropologically and Socially Constructed
In examining how place is created through social interaction one should outline basic conceptual approaches and currents, existing in modern literature. Based on methodological starting points and thematic focuses they may be divided into two autonomous groups 1. critical sociological approach (represented by critical geography and structural sociology of Bourdieu) 2. cultural and psychological approach.

Psychological approach, represented by Malpas and Cross, mainly focuses on the role of living experience in constructing the place and space. Sense of place is a psychological and cultural variable, reflecting the living relationship of a person to the territory, where heshe lives and universality of hisher community.

The approach originates from Heideggers philosophy of Dasein, reflecting a spatial-temporal relation, characterizing human existence. According to Heidegger, a human being is temporally finite and spatially limited, which results in that human existence, is foremost dependent on space and place. Moreover, stemming from Heideggers conservative philosophy of sedentary, true human existence is based on hisher deep emotional ties with native community, forming attitudes to space and time. Crosss interpretation of sense of place is significantly based on described approach. Cross analytically divides sense of place into two basic dimensions relationship to place and community attachment The first aspect, relationship to place, consists of the ways that people relate to places, or the types of bonds we have with places. The second aspect, community attachment, consists of the depth and types of attachments to one particular place. Relationship to place has several basic modes, including biographical, spiritual, ideological,narrative, commodified and dependent.

Community attachment is formulated by Cross as the mode of personal relation to a given community being a combination of people and places. Cross outlines the following modes of community attachment cohesive rootedness, divided rootedness, place alienation, relativity, and placelessness.

Basic concepts and definitions used by Cross and psychological approach to place construction certify to the fact that it promotes subjectivist understanding of place and space production. In this perspective, space and place production is a result of psychological experience or sense of place.
Human relations here are mediated by history, ideology, language, local traditions, which are already interiorized in individual psychology through family, school etc. However, such an approach is very helpful for analyzing local communities, located predominantly in agricultural areas, it fails to account about the role of hierarchy, social inequality and economic order in constructing place and space in large urban areas.

Malpas topographical approach to place construction also focuses on phenomenology and hermeneutics of living experience, originating from Heidegger. Malpas promotes externalist concept of self, in which it is not a priori constructed as Kant argued, but is determined by living relationship to place. Place is a point where subjectivity, language, society and culture intersect to form a living experience, understood in phenomenological terms. As Malpas argues, the land around us is a reflection not only of our practically and technological capacities, but also of our culture and society  of our very needs, our hopes, our preoccupations and dreams. Phenomenological methodology, driving Malpas approach, leads him to a definition of space and place as a living world in Husserlian terms. As in the case with Cross, Malpas focuses on subjectivity as the primary instance through which place is constructed.

Caseys arguments concerning the role of human interactions in place and space construction is based on the presumption that space and place are the sin-qua-non contexts of human relations, in which they develop in time. As in the case with classical philosophers, who considered space to be the basis for movement, Casey inverts the thesis to argue that society can not reproduce in the way other, than through spatial relations Whatever is true for space and time, this much is true for place we are immersed in it and could not do without it. To be at allto exist in any wayis to be somewhere, and to be somewhere is to be in some kind of place. Place is as requisite as the air we breathe, the ground on which we stand, the bodies we have. We are surrounded by places. We walk over and through them. We live in places, relate to others in them, die in them. Nothing we do is unplaced. Low and Lawrence, following phenomenological approach, contend that space and place is central to the formation of human identity identity is defined by historical social structures that inscribe the body and naturalize existence in the world.

According to these authors, place and space are produced through human practice, which gives places a human face and reflects social relations, history and culture. Such relationship is the most evident in human activities, directed at changing natural landscapes architecture, design, infrastructural projects etc. New social space, reflected in them, constructs our daily experience through functional use of space in walking, driving on highways, using trains, visiting buildings etc.

As soon as a place is socially appropriated it becomes the domain where social relations transform into cultural symbols, modes of behavior etc. This is particularly evident in the reflection of gender relations in architecture. For instance, New York skyscrapers are traditionally associated with masculinity and male chauvinism.

As Low and Lawrence-Zuniga argue, house is a place, constructed by social relations par excellence the house is a frequently recognized gendered space because of its centrality as an object. the centrality of the royal compound as the primeval house as its role in the productive and reproductive activities of society.

The perception of place and space as socially constructed is evident in modern critical geography and sociology of space. Bourdieus analysis is very exemplary in this respect. His famous analysis of Kabyles houses shows that houses are the place where social distinctions, gender roles and habituses are reproduced. Houses planning in Kabyles societies reflects the differentiation of gender roles women are hostesses, who maintain comfort and watch children, while men engage in social intercourses through hunting, making social contracts etc.

In this way, places have their own discursive language, which reflects social and gender hierarchy in society. According to Bourdieu, space is the realm, where class and group distinctions are reproduced. Social inequality is reflected in spatial inequality. For instance, marginalized population lives in areas with poor infrastructure, while rich groups live in comfort buildings with luxury communications.

Harvey further analyzes such situation, focusing on neoliberalism implications for spatial and place inequality. For instance, in Space of Capital, he argues that capitalism reproduction is premised on spatial-temporal fix mechanism, which allows capitalists to offshore their productions in the case of crisis or rate of profit fall. In this way, social relations are directly linked to place and space. Spatial inequalities are reproduced not only at local urban level, but world-wide through inequalities between developed and underdeveloped countries. The former have a privileged access to space and more capacities for reconstructing in it for their purposes, whereas underdeveloped societies become the hostage of space due to their inability to transform it to meet the goals of social welfare and progress.

Such situation is vividly described by Mike Davis in his Planet of Slums, where he shows that marginalized place is the living experience of millions of Third World workers, who live in slums without access to sanitation and water. Hence, their practice of everyday life is embedded in space, reflecting their social marginalization and exploitation.

Present research paper showed that place and space are socially and culturally constructed. This is equally true for individual and communal experience. The representatives of psychological approach to place and space construction research it through the prism of individual and community living experience, mediated by biography, ideology, language, culture etc. In this perspective the place is a phenomenological category, explaining human relations with his communitys past and future place is the domain, where daily experience and practice occur. Critical sociological approach represented by Davis, Harvey, Bourdieu and others focuses on space and place as a reflection of class and gender inequalities in societies. Space, being appropriated by economy, becomes the hostage of those power relations, which produce it.

For this paper, the author would like to compare the cultures of two different countries  a developing one, represented in the Philippines and a developed one in the United States of America and to see how the cultures and goverments (politics) of these two countries have influenced the socio-economic conditions here.
   
Teodoro Agoncillo s History of the Filipino People mapped out the different experiences of the Filipino people throughout the years. It discussed the country s history of colonization, which presented the different colonizers that acquired the country. It presents the economic changes in the Philippines, how the they rise and fall. These economic forces in turn affected the education, health care and the way the people deal with their lives. There are fewer benefits given for the citizens of the country. Not everyone is enjoying a good education and a means to care for his or her health. Moreover, only a selected few are able to acquire these benefits, and these selected people are those who have the money or means to acquire it.  These socio-economic conditions are exacerbated by the corruption in government which causes anxiety in the local economy as investors are reluctant to do business here.  The lack of support to small-medium enterprises and the inability to create more jobs has had adverse effects on the people.  Several signed up to work abroad or migrated.  The more unfortunate ones turn to crime or join the insurgency.  These situations underscore the peoples disillusionment with the policy of the government and the apparent hopelessness of Philippine society.
   
To support this information, news and statistical data were used in order to gain a concrete idea on the standing of the Filipinos as a nation. This information helped in assessing how the Filipino reacted to the different situations that has occurred in the country. The increase in poverty and its effect on the increase in the number of people leaving the country, the quality of education, and the amount of healthcare and other benefits they receive from the government.  These challenges created the nation that we know today. Up to the present, the Philippines continues to struggle, and newspapers and books have kept track on the struggles the nation is going through. The answer as to how the Filipinos will work their way out of it is still yet to be solved.
   
The doctrines of the Catholic Social Teachings were also used to analyze and identify the decisions people from both cultures should choose in order to make the world a better place for both countries. The teachings both try to provide answers outside those that are provided by the scripture to aid humankind in living their lives and to create kinship for everyone despite gender, race, ethnicity, and culture.   

Part 2   
Prior to Spanish colonization, it is said the Filipinos already had a culture and a relatively stable society, it seems that the Philippines was unable to recover from the series of events that has occurred within the years, resulting in a  damaged culture.   At the end of World War II, the economy of the Philippines was already trying to recover. In its initial years, its economy grew rapidly, Philippines was even considered one of the richest Asian countries. However, this growth in the economy did not last long.     During the Marcos regime, the growth of the Philippine economy began to deteriorate, moving slower compared to its predecessors, corruption ate up the economy which up to the present is unable to fully recover. Billions of dollars in the national treasury were embezzled during this time. It can be said that oppressors need not come from the outside, even those whom they treat as kin is able to pull them down. The practice of  crony capitalism  led to the mismanagement of the economy, causing it to collapse which has raised the poverty line and adversely affected the lives of the Filipinos.
    
Presently, the Philippines is still struggling as a country. The fall in their economy and the existence of corruption, continue to challenge its people. With the fall in the economy, more businesses are coming out although there are few laws that mandate and regulate them since businesses  existence in the country is a means of booming its economy. Small families as a reaction to this issue decide to start their small business in order to support their family. One of which is the Sari-sari or a small grocery. At some point in each street in their roads, one is sure to find one.
   
In the economic crisis in the Philippines, more people have decided to leave the country. In 2004, almost 10 of the population is working and living in other countries and territories. Due to this trend most of the laws and policies available in the country focused on emigration.  People who work abroad send remittances to their families left in the Philippines. These remittances can be called the center of the Filipino s economy, although this could symbolize the dependence of the Philippine s economy to the global economy instead of building and strengthening its own local economy.
   
Education has also been affected by the economic downfall. Because of poor economy and less amount of funds in the government, public schools are not given that much attention. There is an estimate of 100 students is to one classroom for every section and a book is student ratio of one is to three.
   
Lack of educational funds has deteriorated the quality of education in the country. Since the majority of citizens in the country is poor, education should be of importance to them since it can be their means of escaping poverty. Poverty is the still the reason why they are unable to survive.
   
An example of this would be a child who is eager to go to school. What he does is work while studying so that he will be able to feed himself and buy the things he needs for school. At the end of the day after going to school working, he finds that there still is not enough to feed himself. Even though he wanted to study and review his lessons, he is unable to. Lack of nutrition has made him too weak, which made him unable to think clearly. This scenario is typical to a Filipino child in the Philippines.
   
The economic scenario has also affected the choice of degree a student takes in a university or college. Since in the last ten years there has been a demand of nurses abroad, 85 of Filipino nurses work abroad. The number of nurses increases over the years. This is in reaction to the prospect of good job compensation once they leave the country. The amount of money they think they could never earn if they work in the Philippines.
   
he result of the percentage of nurse leaving the country results to poorer health care system. The doctor to patient ratio in the Philippines is 110000-26000 while nurse to patient is 116000. The migration of the countries nurses and doctors has affected health care in the country,  A health care system that cannot maintain its own health human resource is not healthy at all. Health care system without the depletion of nurses and doctors is worse as it is, not many benefits are provided to the public. Now, with lesser doctors and nurses, it is most likely that health care will totally deteriorate.
   
According to a study conducted by Euromonitor, 38.29 of consumers spend on food and non-alcoholic beverages as of 2007.  This trend presents that people are more likely to purchase food and non-alcoholic drinks, since it is something they are willing to spend their money on. People in the Philippines will mostly likely spend less on luxury items and unessential things. Majority of their goal is to be able to satisfy their basic needs.
   
Lack of money has affected the lives of the lower-income group. They are unable to acquire enough money to sustain themselves. These can be rooted to the education scenario in the Philippines. Since less education is provided for the people, it resulted to lesser job opportunities for the Filipino poor, they can only acquire jobs that rely on physical skill. As white-collar jobs require at least a college degree.  Usually jobs with that description are underpaid, and the jobs they take require more work and effort compared to regular paying jobs like working in the office.
   
The deteriorating health for these people also affects their work habits. Since they do not have enough nutrition and money to allocate their resources to buy food and medicine to those who are sick, most sickness are acquired by the poor, and a number of them are labeled to have malnutrition. This takes us back to the amount of money they earn. On average, they earn 150-200 pesos a day. This is for those who have blue-collar jobs. An example would be construction laborers. Usually these men have four to eight children, and they all depend on the 150 pesos. Since the family only has 150 pesos, they have limited choices on food, and the amount of food they can consume. Typically, what this family will have is two packs of noodles, which is about eight pesos each. In order to feed a family with ten people, they will put a lot of water in the noodle and add salt in order for it to have taste and this will act as their viand. In this situation, we can see the main difference between the rich and the poor. The poor have limited choices to none at all, while those well off have the variety of choices.

Part 3
Life is difficult. These difficulties are left for people to either grieve for receiving these hardships or resist it through solving it. Effort is required in order to endure and solve our problems. The ability of these issues is the basis of classifying the success and failure of one s life. This is one subject tackled in Scott Peck s Road Less Traveled. In order to succeed and surpass these challenges, a person is required to have discipline. Discipline is a way for a person to view suffering constructively.

This can be noted from the culture and history of the Philippines. It can be said that the country is rich in the experience of suffering. These suffering that they have experienced from the being of time has transformed their outlook in life. Also, it has affected the decisions they made in their lives. In relation to the book, the Filipinos should strive to transform these hardships into internal strengths to be able to solve it. Cultures that have easily progressed might not have the same strengths as those who consistently experienced the hardship of life. The large amount of pain experienced is a way for a culture to experience maturity, and in gaining maturity, they are able to see their role and place in the world thus, they are able to see realistically their responsibilities and role in the world.

Through colonization, at an early stage the Filipinos learned that life is not all about happiness, their perception of life must be in the other end that life is full of hardships and it is so. Because of this knowledge, they devised a way in order to solve their problems and not cower from it. They realized that they should move on from the poverty they are currently experiencing, so most of their people choose self-survival through migrating to another location. This action cannot be fully bad. It may just be a means for them to help those in their country, like their families in surviving their life. It is still selfless in a way. Their decision to move to another country is somehow a strength on their part, especially for those whose family is still in the Philippines. They muster all the courage they have to travel in a foreign land and test their chance, for they are unsure on the result of their decision whether it will produce positive results for their them and the family or it was all for nothing.

This is also applicable in the state of the Filipino poor. They can transform the hardship they are experiencing into positive things since it can build character in a person. Instead of just sitting and watching their problems come to them, they could find ways to solving them. This is through finding ways to earn more income to support him or her and their families. That way, difficulty is transformed into inner strength which they can use to shield themselves from future harm. Since they already have experience in the issue.

Populorum Progressio or on the Development of the Peoples somehow cover the issues of the Philippine culture. In the Philippines, there is a large gap between the rich and the poor people. The selflessness of people is the key into solving some of the issues in the Philippines, the upper class should extend their hand to the struggling in order to achieve development. As quoted from the Catholic Social Teaching,   If someone who has the riches of this world sees his brother in need and closes his heart to him, how does the love of God abide in him.  You are not making a gift of your possessions to the poor person. You are handling him what is his. . . The world is given to all, and not only to the rich,   these words from the Populorum Progressio tells us that working for the good of all or for the good of the poor helps us promote life throughout God s creation.

In relation to the Road Less Traveled, problems of the poor can be solved if all people actively participate in alleviating their condition. This is if people will reach out to them and assist them in reducing the problems they are encountering. Also, this is a means to follow God s commandment of love to our neighbor which invites us to treat the poor physically and spiritually as brothers and sisters and share with them our blessings. Those who are experiencing the goodness of life should shell out some of these blessing to the poor. This is through charity works which one can do in order to help. But pondering on it more, these charity works only works for one day or the moments these charity works are ongoing. The next day, when one wakes up, they are seemingly oblivious to what they have experienced and the poor in turn goes on to their regular lives.

Charity is good, but what should be done in order to alleviate their situation which could possibly have a long term effect is to provide them with options that can sustain their lives. One of these examples can come in the form of providing jobs, which they can do. This way the help or money they would receive is not short term. It would be something that could provide for the family for a long time. Another would be through seminars that they could attend to enrich their education and add up knowledge to them. It could be through educating them with new skills like dressmaking, agriculture, cosmetics, soap making in the like. They could use their new found skill afterwards in forming new businesses for themselves to fund their daily needs.

We have inherited from past generations, and we have benefited from the work of out contemporaries for this reason we have obligations towards all, and we cannot refuse to interest ourselves in those who will come after us to enlarge the human family. the reality of human solidarity which is a benefit for us, also imposes a duty,   the quote talks about the individual responsibility we have for each other. Observing the Filipino culture, it can be said that this is something they need to apply in their life in order for them to succeed and change their standing in life. In the Philippine culture, crab mentality is rampant. Since each feels that they are deprived of the things, they think they want or need, they desire to succeed, and often this success comes with the price of another. This can be observed from Philippine politicians. They tend to put down one another in order to present their  honor  but that should not be. They should acknowledge the responsibility they have for each other, that instead of destroying one another, they should focus on making the Philippines a better place to live in for everyone.

Part 4       
Compared to the Philippines, the economy and standards of living in the United States is better. Public institutions are able to help us in our needs. Comparing the standard of education in public schools in the Philippines, American students are better of. The students are able to comfortably get the education their needs. American students may also work while studying as what the Philippine student does. The difference is in the gravity of the job they perform. American students can try to enter as a bus boy in a diner or work in a cashier while what the Philippine student does is knock on every car in the highway, asking the drivers and passengers if they wanted their car to be cleaned in the middle of the highway, under the overwhelming heat. Another would be some of them entering inside jeeps, the public transportation of the Filipinos, wiping each passenger s shoe with a rug, and afterwards asking them for money for what they have done. What they usually get is zero to five pesos, which is no way enough for them to sustain themselves.

Another would be in health care, proper government funding is given to Americans who need health care. Proper benefits are given like allowance for expenses on medicine and the like. In the Philippines, health care is poor. As discussed previously, there is a scarcity of nurses and doctors in the Philippines, and to top that, not everyone acquires health care benefits since the government is unable to provide proper help to the people due to lack of government money.

The standards of living of America and the Philippines are different. The middle to high class of the Philippines are just the lower to middle class of Americans. Being poor in America is different from the poverty experienced by Filipinos. Since the Philippines is just a developing country, many thing are yet to be developed. Not much support is given to the Philippine poor as compared to the Americans. For example, in America if you write a letter to the government stating that your husband is unemployed, and you have a baby which you need to feed, you will receive immediate help from the government. They can provide you with your baby s monthly need like milk, dairy products, grocery products, and the like. From a mother in the Philippines experiencing the same thing, writing to the government will do nothing. It will just be filed along thousands of other letters asking for the same thing.

Solicitudo Rei Socialis or on Social Concern can be used to aid these people. In relation to Populorum Progressio, being the country who is better of, Americans, as what the country is doing now, can extend their help to the Filipino people to achieve the desires of the Catholic social teachings. America has the capacity to help their citizens. They could extend this help to other nations. Since America has the culture of individuality and independence, it works well with Solicitudo Rei Socialis. Solidarity  is not a feeling of vague compassion or shallow distress at the misfortune of so many people, both near and far. . . it is a. . . persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good that is to say, to the good of all and of each individual, because we are all really responsible for all. This independence does not stop on being responsible only for oneself, it also means taking initiative and responsibility for the needy, and not just relying on social institutions to help these people. Since economic-wise the America is better of compared to the situation in the Philippines, this tells us to take initiative in preserving the good of all. Since the American culture is more advanced in education, programs to increase the poor s knowledge can be done in order to somehow alleviate the difficulty these people are having. Also, the effect will be long term. Instead of giving out money which can be consumed rapidly, knowledge is something they can use to aid them in the future like when applying for jobs. Extra skill will also help them try out new ventures.

Structural functioning is a wide viewpoint in the social sciences that tries to explain the structure of the society in terms of constituent parts. It seeks to explain elements of the society like customs, norms, principles and traditions. It is the study of the society as a structure with associated elements. It can be seen as a body with its associated organs. This makes an operational body that functions efficiently. Structural functioning sought to explain societys internal stability and the secret to survival, that is, adaptability. The pioneer theorists of this concept explained social cohesion through the notion of solidarity. It was the fact that every member of the society performed the same responsibility that made the society united. There are thus factors that make people in a society to stick together. As more theories in socials science come up, they come as either a replacement or a development of the preceding ones. The essay seeks to find out what and how other theories deconstructed the structural-functionalist descent theory of Meyer Fortes and Evans-Pritchard.   

The ideas of Evans-Pritchard (1940) and Meyer Fortes (1945) were founded on this line of thought. They argued that societies were structured along unilineal descent groups. These kinds of groups operate like corporate groups. This means that these groups are stable and lasting social groups. They have well laid rules and guidelines on membership and associations. They also possess an inherent structure that controls these associations and though the allocating of roles, duties and responsibilities. The corporate groups are typified by universal principles like administration of property and protection against violence. These groups establish lasting social structures whose existence goes beyond the lifespan of their members. These structures are available not only for those who establishes them, but to other generations to come. The theory of Evans-Pritchard and Meyer Fortes was referred to as descent theory. This theory applied to the African context which was where the two carried out their research. The territorial partitions were lined up with lineages. The theory therefore combined blood and soil as related to each other. According to the two theorists, the main categorising element of social structures is the reckoning of relationship through decent. This theory was considered a lot buy scholars but later it was challenged and developed through establishment of other theories. 

Many of the African societies fitted this model perfectly. In spite of this fact, many Africanists like Richards argued that the two theorists overlooked other factors that played part in the organisation of the society. Richards suggested that the two had knowingly downplayed inherent inconsistencies and put undue emphasis on the permanence of the local lineage structures and their importance in the organising of a society. These discrepancies were even more evident in the Asian community. According to Francis (2002), one such community in Asia is Papua New Guinea. Here the local patrilineal decent groups were split and had many non-agnates. Differences in status were not dependant on descent. Another factor was the fact that genealogies were too short to determine social solidarity by recognition of the same ancestor. Another problem was posed by the concept of cognant or bilateral kinship. This problem was associated with proposing that descent groups were the main element to social organizations, especially in primitive communities

The empirical facts by these theorists were only adapted by fiction. This meant that their view had no proper basis practically. The two had ignored a lot of other elements that played part in social organizations. Elements like interests, exploitation and competition had been overlooked. The two had also overlooked the role played by marriage and affinal links. This was all done at the interest of overemphasizing the role played by descent.

Some evolutionary theorists who felt that the structural functionalism was significant but not all inclusive developed other theories. Multilevel selection was a supporting theory to structural functionalism. This model was established as a way to account for other factors that affect the formation of the society. It accounts for persistent and spread behaviour inclinations. It is this theory that explains the development of altruism. This is achieved by observing the natural selection of groups and not individuals. Altruism is the character of selfless concern for the welfare of other people. It is an ethical principle that requires people to have the moral obligation to assist, serve or benefit other people. It calls for the sacrifice of personal interests for the benefit of others. In altruism, self interests are put aside for the sake of the interests of others.

The focus of this argument is whether groups can possess functional organisation just like individuals. This is also to determine whether groups can be drives for selection. For instance, it seeks to determine if those groups that were able to associate and cooperate well out-produced those that were not able to do so. This theory focuses more on fundamental concepts and not just the observable concepts.

Multilevel selection theory is not inclined towards personal or group selection, but can be employed in the evaluation of the balance between group and personal selection on a case-by-case analysis. This theory establishes a middle ground between group and individual selection. This theory has had more empirical proof than the Structural functionalist theory. Gene-culture co-evolution is a contemporary theory. This theory is applied to people that links evolutionary biology to contemporary socio-biology in justification for group selection. Here culture is handled as distinct evolutionary system. Culture operates parallel to the normal genetic evolution to develop human traits. It is evident that this ideology of linking genetic influence to cultural influence does not feature in other theories. This is a better concept than most of the other theories because it shows a more inclusive idea. It does not observe adaptability to social situations as being influenced by only one factor but more. This theory shows why human being is able to evolve distinct and highly adaptive characteristics to social pressures and environments. The kind of adaptation is usually quicker than when determined by genetic evolution only. The action of social or corporate learning is what allows people to gather information over generations. This makes it possible to store this information in cultural activities and transfer it over generations. This is also what makes it possible for culture to develop over time. Social learning leads to cultural evolution of strongly adaptive characters and behaviours. This evolution takes place alongside genetic evolution. This is what makes people in a certain community to have common characteristics and behaviours. The reason behind this is not a common descent but cultural evolution.
Other theorists like Herbert Gintis approaches cultural evolution in an arithmetical manner. In his view, communities that promote social standards, like in group selection, are likely to outlive those that do not. He demonstrates this by establishing a multi-level gene-culture co-evolutionally representation.

This representation shows the process whereby altruism social standards will prevent socially destructive standards. This way, the altruism social norms will be internalized.    
However, one major drawback of the multilevel selection theory is that for the group to acquire similar behaviour, the behaviour must be first dispersed through the whole group. This process is referred to as regular evolution. This is explained by Mackie J. who argues in a case where there are many distinct groups each from with a distinct Evolutionally Stable Strategy (ESS), there will be selection among the distinct Evolutionally Stable Strategies, considering the fact that some are worse than others. In this case, in a situation where there is altruism, that group will be in a better competitive level than where individuals act on their own. This is the reason why societies are able to survive while they depend on each other. Even the groups that have more altruism will always outperform those that are selfish

These are some of the factors that the structural functionalism leaves out. All in all, the structural functionalist theory provided a basis for the development of these other contemporary theories. Genetic evolution alone cannot explain social adaptability and associations. Genetic evolution alone cannot explain social adaptability of people who gets to belong to a community without necessarily having a common descent with other members of the community.

The idea of multilevel selection theory sounds better suited to explain social adaptability. However, it does not quite give a proof for multilevel selection as an evolutionally process that is capable to establish altruism. Altruism is the greatest behaviour process that can raise survival fitness of societies. This is why there are other developments of inter-group interaction theories that are better than multilevel selection theory. It is evident therefore that the relationship between multilevel selection and altruism calls for investigations of other theories. Such theories like kin selection and reciprocal altruism can be considered.   

The multilevel selection, though it is a development of structural functionalism theory is in a better position to explain adaptive characteristics of societies. The notion of individual groups as adaptive units can be maintained not only by evolution hypothesis but by experiential information on individual social groups in all cultures worldwide.

Providing the basic needs of an individual is very important to human existence. This kind of adage is also an equally essential motivating factor that drives people to further explore their horizon in order to enhance the ways that will better address the needs as well as the desire of the human population. In relation to this, the people or the human capital plays a primary and vital role in the development of the means, which will help them maximize the resources that they have in order to produce more goods that they will consume and derive other benefits from it. In addition, human capital also substantially contribute to the success of nations wherein the abilities, skills, talents, etc. are also important, especially when it comes to labor production that further help people in getting their needs and attaining their wants. Being the case, it is necessary that these concepts are further explored and analyzed in order to clearly understand its importance to the economy and to the society as a whole. In doing so, two articles will be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs, which will further explain the essence of human capital and the division of labor.
    In the article written by Henry Hazlitt entitled The Curse of Machinery, he discussed and debunk the idea that the invention and development of machineries pose a threat to human capital because of the belief that machines are replacing human employees, which is the root cause of unemployment. However, Hazlitt argues and emphasizes that the development of machinery might indeed caused the unemployment in a short term perspective but in the long run the development of these machineries could actually create more jobs and also give other advantageous effect to the economy and society. The author elaborates his argument by using the manufacturer of an overcoat as an example. He explains that while the owner might need to layoff some employees because of the machinery that was bought, in the long run, the additional income that would be incurred for the efficiency of production could be use to hire more employees either in the overcoat factory or by expanding the owners investment in other fields that will also require additional employment. In relation to this, it is also important to note that laborers are also the one responsible in the creation of these machineries, which means that an increase in the demand for it also entails additional job opportunities. Moreover, critics of the development of machineries should become more aware that not all machineries are created in order to increase the laborers that perform a certain task but rather most machines are invented to make tasks easier and more efficient. As a result, the creation of more products and services give people more opportunity to avail their needs at a more affordable price. Being the case, as Hazlitt puts it, the real result of the machine is to increase production, to raise standard of living, to increase economic welfare.
    Furthermore, the author also discusses the idea of human capital in relation with the invention of machineries. The development of machineries might indeed affect the jobs of some employees in the short term perspective but it also motivates people to further increase their skills and abilities. In order to actively participate in an economy that largely uses machineries, people should invest more in improving their educational background  by means of taking further studies as well as other related experiences, which will help them find better jobs. In investing in the improvement of ones human capital would indeed incur cost but this is relatively smaller as compared to the benefits that they would gain from it like better salary and successful career path.
    In the second article that is written by Marshall Sahlins entitled The Original Affluent Society, he asserts that the hunter-gatherers were the original affluent society because their practices illustrate a refined mode of subsistence, which modern generations could learn a lot from. Sahlins explains that people should shift away from the anthropological thought of viewing hunter-gatherers as primitive but rather a society which could easily satisfy their needs. The main basis of Sahlins argument is grounded on his assertion that the hunter-gatherer societies were able to achieve affluence because these people only have minimal needs and desires that could be address by the resources that are available to them, which he refers to as the Zen road to affluence. On the other hand, the hunter-gatherers to the western way towards affluence wherein the latter have more desires but only limited means, which he called as the Galbraithean way. In line with this, Sahlins argues that by veering away from the western notions of affluence, the ways of the hunter-gatherers could actually be regarded as abundant, especially when it comes to the various diets and abundance that they experience.
    The way to affluence of the hunter-gatherers also give due importance to the concept of labor productivity because they were able to maximize the resources that they have in order to provide for their needs and desires. The hunter-gatherers were able to practice the division of labor that is observable in the respective tasks of male and female in this society. The male were in charge of hunting while the female were responsible for gathering edible plants and fruits. In this kind of scenario, the hunter-gatherers were able to maximize the resources that are available in order for them to sustain their needs. Similarly, the ways of the hunter-gatherers are similar with the concept of horticulture wherein the people use the resources in their environment only to satisfy their needs and not to make any surpluses. This clearly exemplifies the idea that ends of these hunter-gatherers coincide with the means that they have.
    The two articles that were discussed above have its respective similarity and difference. Both articles were able to point out the importance of human capital and labor productivity that gives due importance to people as the primary actors in the development of the economy and the society. Hazliit explains that it is through the investment of human capital that the invention and further development of machineries becomes possible. In the same manner, Sahlins also states that hunter-gatherers were able to properly manage their resources through the division of labor that they have used in their society. However, Hazliit and Sahlins have different perspectives when it comes to the standard of living or lifestyle of the people. According to Hazliit, the development of machineries helps in improving the standard of living of people because they could be able to produce and avail more goods through the invention of machines. On the other hand, Sahlins comments on the lifestyle of the west wherein people have greater wants but only limited resources in order to fulfill it. In addition, the production of more goods, especial the existence of surpluses is not limiting the greater desires of people but it is surely contributing to the further decrease of finite resources.
    Furthermore, the development of societies has an effect in the further development of machineries. In the case of the hunter-gatherers, they only use bow and arrow because it was the only tool that they need during that time. However, as time progress the horticultural society also started to become more complex. People no longer use their resources for the mere satisfaction of their needs but rather they also use to produce more in order to earn other benefits like monetary means for other desires. This is exemplified in the emergence of pastoral and agricultural societies, which involves other means of using and gaining from natural resources. In connection to this, as the society becomes more complex, different machineries are also developed that aim to enhance the productivity of the people when it comes to producing goods. In this sense, the development of the society is directly proportional to invention of various machineries that help people in making their respective tasks easier.
    The concepts of human capital and labor productivity are indeed pivotal in the economy as well as in the society as a whole. These concepts are necessary in order to understand the contribution of people to the economy as well as the dynamics of their relationship with natural resources and other means of production.

Korean writing system which is also popularly called hangul writing system is one of the native alphabet of Korean language.
The history of writing in Korea can be traced back to the time of Hanja form of writing which is being considered as the oldest form of writing in Korea.
This initial form of writing was used to represent original Korean meaning or simply to represent sounds.
Considering this gap in literacy, king Sejong on of the monarch of the Yi Dynasty about 1440 when a new method of writing was devised for the Koreans not minding their social class .
This was achieved by the commissioning of an academy known as the Royal Academy in order to create a unique, simple and easily learnable phonetic alphabet (Cynthia, 1999).
It all started with 28 characters but with time reduced to 24 characters as a result of dropping of three consonants and one vowel. since the formed consonants are usually combined with vowels to form a single sound, the modern Korean alphabet is now made up of 40 characters (which are 14 consonants, 5 double consonants, 10 vowels and 11 double vowels) (Cynthia, 1999).

Anthropology in general is the study of humans or human beings. The term Anthropology was derived from the Greek word anthropos which means human. Through studying biological organism such as our closest relatives, we can learn human beings. Also, we can study other members of the primate orders like monkeys, apes and prosimians. We can also get to know humans by studying related functions, languages, evolutions, society, and cultures.
In the United States, anthropology is subdivided into four subfields or areas of investigations biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology. Biological anthropology is the study of human biology within the framework of evolution and with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and cultures. Linguistic anthropology on the other hand deals with human speech and language, which includes the origins of language in general. The third subfield which is cultural anthropology studies all aspects of human behavior while the last subfield archaeology studies the earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists whose specialization includes scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies.
There are three possible careers in physical anthropology. First is to work as a physical anthropologist in a museum. Museums of natural history, anthropology, archaeology, and science and technology offer employment opportunities for physical anthropologists. Another possible career would be to work as a physical anthropologist in the zoo. Zoological parks and garden provide wide career opportunities in the fields of collective management and captive breeding programs for endangered species. The last career option would be to work as a forensic anthropologist who makes good use of hisher knowledge of osteology and anatomy in making forensic determinations and identifications that involves human remains.
If I were to choose a career in physical anthropology, I will opt for the forensic anthropology profession. The preparation for this career is very interesting as it typically involves graduate training in anatomy, skeletal biology, archaeological field methods, legal evidence, pathology, and forensic science. My major is psychology but I really want to learn and get to know more about criminal psychology. Forensic anthropology and criminal psychology differs such that forensic anthropologist analyzes and identifies human remains while criminal psychologist focuses more on humans mind than human remains. However, I deem that they have similarities as both involve working with coroners, police and other people in identifying and analyzing humans. Therefore, I strongly believe that forensic anthropologist is a very appealing career if one wants to get to know humans better.

It is the responsibility of any government to provide for its population. It is due to this reason that family planning is becoming a major controversial concept in many nations. One of the most controversial population control policies is the Chinese one child family policy which was implemented in 1979. The policy was forced by the view that the increasingly growing population could evidently compromise the economic development and sustainability of the Chinese nation (Liu, Onuaha, 2005). The law dictates that each family should legally have only one child. It should also be noted that the strain that the increasing young population posed to the existing structures could have been another reason for the implementation of the one child policy.
It is however to be recognized that the law has been a cause of many controversies in the Chinese nation. Opponents of the policy have increasingly cited concerns of gender discriminations that have evidently resulted as a consequence of the law. It has been established that the female gender is a major victim of abortion and abandonment in the nation. The notion that the male gender is of higher economic importance to a nation is the waste crisis which has negated the purpose of the One-Child Policy in China (Weller, 2007). It is a contradiction of the respect that nations have for life that a nation can have in place a law that encourages discriminative child birth practices. Abortion and abandonment are moral issues which negates the underlying human rights. It should however be noted that population control should always be encouraged as it is only by this that a government can ensure an economically sustainable community.
    This paper is gives a critical analysis of the One-Child Policy in China. The author particularly talks about the reasons behind its implementation and its impact on the population of the Chinese republic. The author also gives a discussion on the critics and proponents of the One-Child Policy in China.
The one child policy
    The one child policy in china is a population control strategy by the Chinese government which dictates couples to have only one child. It is however to be realized that the policy allows for the bearing of more than one child especially for rural residents. The law does not apply to some ethnic minority communities in the nation. It has evidently been established that only an estimated 40 percent of the Chinese population has been affected by the one child policy restrictions. Still to be noted here is the factor the law has not been in some regions of the republic such as the Hong Kong and Tibet.
    The law allows for having more than one child particularly in rural areas if the first child is proved to be physically and mentally impaired. Still to be noted is the fact that such giving birth into a second child is subject to confirmation by the legal justice system and should be based on birth spacing provisions of three to four years. It should be understood that the law on its provisions imposes heavy fines to members of the society who violate the law. Giving birth to a third child is a criminal offense which could compromise ones occupational benefits. It is however to be noted that the Chinese government under its affirmative action policy allows for the minority ethnic groups in the nation to have up to four kids (Miller, 2007). The implementation of the policy is however discriminative as it particularly impacts more on the economically challenged members of the society. It has been established that fines on violation of the law are mainly based on the financial status of the couples.
Reasons behind the implementation of the one child policy in China
    The one child policy was a governments move that was seeking to address a number of economic and social problems which were posed by its increasing population. It had been established that the highly increasing population could evidently compromise the economic development of the Chinese republic. Being a communist state, the provision for the living of the population is highly dependant on the government. Therefore, such high populations could heavily impact on the nations annually budget expenditure. Due to the growing youth population, there existed a strain in the structures of the nation. It is in the purpose of any serious nation to ensure sustainability of its population (Chang, 2008). It was due to this reason that the government sort to limit its population to reflect the limited human social structures in the nation. Still to be noted is the fact that increasing populations come with many negative impact on the environment. Such environmental effects are both accommodation factors as well as agricultural productivity.  Food security is a basic concern in any nation. The growing population in china has been seen to threaten this crucial arm of the nations economy. It was thus by dictate mandatory population control that the economic expenditure by the government on its population could be realized. This also greatly factored in ensuring sustainable development in the nation.
Impact of the one child policy in child
    The implementation of the one child policy has seen a sharp decline in the fertility rate on the Chinese citizens. Statistical evidence show that most women have a fertility rate of less than two as opposed to the previous over three fertility rates which were evident before the enactment of the law. It has been established that the population of the Chinese republic has greatly reduced following the implementation of the one child policy (Li, 2000). Statistical evidence has shown that the population of china had fallen by over four million by the end of 2008. It has evidently been identified that such a policy has greatly help the nation in address the problems associated with overpopulation. The living standards of the Chinese citizens have notably increased following the implementation of the law. The rate of slums development in the nation has evidently reduced over the past decades of the policys implementation. It has also been established that strain on social facilities in the nation have been on the decline. Such reductions of the nations population have evidently been praised for the increasing sustainability of the nations agricultural sector (Swindall, 2007). This is basically due to the fact that abuse of fertile lands has greatly reduced. Still to be noted here is the fact that reduced population comes with reduced waste, an element which has greatly improved environmental status in the Chinese republic.
    The one child policy has led to improved health services in the nation. It has been in the interest of the nation that all its women population be provided health care service during and after giving birth. Such has greatly reduced the number of deaths resulting from pregnancy. It is also to be noted that the one child policy has greatly increased the saving rates by the population. With small families, the expenditure of the family is significantly reduced. This has the implication that the population will have more cash for investing. It is also to be realized that they has been a tendency of saving for us during the old age. This can be closely attributed to the fact that with only one child, dependence of him or her during the old ages could be highly unreliable. It should also be noted that the one child policy has seen a reduction in the unemployment rates in the nation (Miller, 2007). The policy has also improved the employment sector in the aspect of reducing exploitative element by employers. This is because the policy has greatly reduced the availability of surplus labor in the nation. 
    It is however to be noted that the implementation of the law is seen by many not to evidently give a lasting solution to the growing population in the nations. It has been established that the death rate in the nation is quite low compared to the birth rate. Statistics have shown that there are one million births in china every month compared to the resulting number of death over the same period of time. Still to be noted is the fact that the policy has been greatly associated with the ever increasing problem of aging population in China.
Negative impacts of the one child policy in China
    There have been many critics of the one child policy. The first and most profound critic of the policy is that it has highly compromised the morals of the Chinese people. It has been evidently witnessed that the policy has increased the number of abortions in the nation. It is worth noting here that abortion is a social crime of killing the unborn. It is thus a compromise of a nations provision on human rights that a nation can impose a law that threatens the life of its people (Chang, 2008).
    The law has also been found to encourage discriminative pregnancies. The number of female kids in the nation has witnessed a sharp decrease over the past few decades of the implementation of the policy. It has been a common believe in China that male child is an important resource to the society. It is such believes which have led to the abortion of many female pregnancies. This is a great risk to the sustainable social well being of the Chinese community. It has in fact been the concern by the government on the well being of the female gender that the care for girls program has been implemented (Li, 2000). This program seeks to resolve the problem of discrimination of the girl child in the community.
    Another problem with the one child policy is the increasing number of abandonment witnessed in the community. Given the heavy fines imposed on those who violate the law, it is increasingly becoming the habit to abandon kids in fear of facing the law. It is to be noted here that neglecting responsibility over a child is a breach of the provisions of the principle of standards of care in the community. Kids should be seen as precious gifts from God rather than a threat to our social and economic structures. Still to be noted here is the fact that the question of reproduction should not be regulated by the law but should rather be a human choice basically determined by ones ability to bring up the child (Liu, Onuaha, 2005). The universal declaration of human rights which protect the right to having a family should not be violated by any nation. To be emphasized here is the fact that the rights of an individual should not be compromised by state laws.
    Still to be noted is the fact that the policy threatens the future existence of the Chinese republic. With the high rates of population disparities facing the Chinese nation, it is evidently clear that such trends could highly compromise the future social and economic structures of china. Discrimination on the girl child is increasing threatening the boy girl ratio in the Chinese nation. The notion that the male gender is of higher economic importance to a nation is the waste crisis which has negated the purpose of the One-Child Policy in China. This is a great concern for many as it risks the development of social impaired human community in the nation. it is literary wrong for any nation to have which purports to be a  custodian of human rights to allow for discriminative birth practices in its population.
On the side of economic impact of the law, it should be noted the future workforce of the nation is put at stake following the wide spread use of the one child policy. How can a nation claim sustainability of its economy when it emphases on only one child in every family Assuming consistence of the natural laws of death, it is clear that the Chinese population will be experiencing high rates of deaths than births (Weller, 2007). This will have the ultimate result of reducing the availability of sustainable labor supply to one of the economic giants in the globe. Still to be noted here is the fact that Chinese republic will be experiencing the problem of increasing growing aging workforce in its industries. The youth are usually the major driving force in many economies of the world. It is therefore to be recognized that the policy is thus a major economic threat as it denies the nation the competitive economic advantage that comes with the youth.